Challenges to the Superpower Hegemony p. 1077-1084
Western Europe, Fr. politicians sought to free nation from superpower dominance by transferring Europe into indep. strategic bloc.
Soviet tanks crushed Rebels efforts to leave Soviet sphere of influence
US and Soviets suffered serious political and military setbacks that signaled decline of superpower hegemony
DEFIANCE, DISSENT, and INTERVENTION IN EUROPE
France under de Gaulle
Wanted Europe to be 3rd force in world affairs
Believed France would never regain power status it once was
1963 French rejected partial nuclear test ban treaty: signed by GB, Soviet Union, US, recognized by China
Focus of Fr. policy was disengagement from US-dominated NATO and development of indep. nuclear strike force
1964 Fr. detonated first atomic bomb in Sahara
4 yrs later Fr. put together nuclear delivery system: failed to convince rest of Europe to leave US protection
1969 Gaulle leaves office
Tito's Yugoslavia
1st opposition from in communist world from Yugoslavia
Postwar regime came to power w/o USSR help
Josip Broz aka Marshal Tito (1892-1980) ruled Yugoslavia from 1945-1980 (his death)
1948 Stalin expelled Yugoslavia from Soviet bloc
Maintained good relations w/ E. European communist states as well as neutral states
De-Stalinization
1953 communist leaders start to question Stalin's methods used when in power
Nikita Khrushchev, Stalin's successor, denounced enthusiastically1956-1964 Gov. control eased and political enemies released
Started De-Stalinization by taking down Stalin statues, rewriting textbooks to deflate Stalin's reputation, renaming places, etc.
Most vigorous speech in secret in 1956 at party conference
USSR spurred other communist leaders to experiment w/ domestic reforms and seek indep. from USSR dominance
Hungarian Challenge
1956 most serious challenge to USSR control in E. Europe from nationalist minded communists in Hungary
Hungary citizens demanded democracy while embracing De-Stalinization process
Fall 1956 Soviet tanks enter Budapest to crush uprising
Prague Spring
12 yrs after Hungarian tragedy USSR intervene in Czechoslovakia
1968 communist party leader Alexander Dubcek launched democratic socialist revolutionCzechs moving towards liberal communism concerned USSR b/c could lead to unraveling of USSR control
Supported Prague Spring (liberal movement)
Promised citizens socialism w/ human face
USSR army aided by other countries (E. Germ, Bulgarian, Polish) defeated Prague Spring
Brezhnev Doctrine- reserved right to invade any socialist country deemed threatened by external or internal elements
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC of CHINA
China's civil war resumed when Japan surrendered in 1945
Nationalist and communist fought for territories once held by Japanese
mid 1948 communist favored
nationalist under Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan
October 1, 1949 Mao Zedong chairman of Chinese communist party established peoples republic of China
1954- formation of new political institution anchored in a new constitution
1951 campaigns signaled out and persecuted (execution or labor camps) the people affiliated with nationalist
Social and Economic Transformations
1955 China introduced their own five year plan inspired by the Soviet Union
reforms challenged and often eliminated family traditions
supported women's rights'
introduced marriage law that eliminated child or forced marriages, women equal average to divorce, and legalized abortion
foot binding became less and less popular
Fraternal Cooperation
Moscow and Beijing drew closer because of their common enemy (U.S)
most concerning Japan, South Korea, Taiwan built as capitalist governments
1950's Beijing recognized Moscow's undisputed authority in world of communism for Russian military equipment and economic aid
Soviet Diplomat's then instigated for the UN to transfer China's security counsel seat from Taiwan to mainland communist gov
Cracks in the Alliance
by mid- 50's USSR was China's principle trading partner purchasing half of Chinese exports
China's opinion soviet aid programs far to modest with too many strings attached1955 USSR supplied for economic aid to Egypt and India which were none communist
for example soviet military aid to China during Korean conflict had to be repaid in full when China was in need of capital
1950 China and India disagreement over Tibet with anti-border clashes
Moscow announced neutrality but gave massive loan to India
Border clashes between Chinese and Soviets in Siberia also created tensions
1964 tensions between China and USSR became public
Nikita pursued policy of peaceful coexistence with west Europe and U.S. because feared nuclear attack
Chinese government accused Soviets of being Revisionists
Soviets accused China of being dangerous left wing adventurous
DETENTE and the DECLINE of SUPERPOWER INFLUENCE
USSR and US leaders began adjusting to reality of unimaginable world
1960s leaders of USSR and US agreed to policy of Detente- reduction in hostility
Tried to slow competition in developing countries
Didn't resolve competition between superpowers, but relaxed Cold War tensions
An Era of Cooperation
1972-1974 US and USSR signed agreements calling for cooperation in areas: health research, environmental protection, science and tech., space ventures, and expanded cultural exchange programs
Detente most visible in negotiations that posed threats by strategic nuclear weapons
Demise of Detente
1981 US would sell weapons to Chinese military which undermined USSR cooperation w/ US
Action doomed recent SALT (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks) agreement
Era of Detente reflected significant transformation of superpower relations
Coincided w/ marked decline in superpower influence as well
US Defeat in Vietnam
Early part of Cold War globalization US extended aid to non-communist Vietnamese in South after Fr. was defeated
Until 1968 500K+ US troops served in-country in defense of S. Vietnamese democracy
Massive bombing unleashed in N. Vietnam
War protests in US signal public distancing from Cold War policy
1968 Nixon pledged to end war
after election implemented strategy to turn war over to south Vietnamese by escalating conflict also resumed bombings of north Vietnam
during this time opened diplomatic channels opened to soviet union in China hoping to get them to pressure North Vietnam to negotiate
January 1973 war ended with paris peace accords
with Paris Peace accords signed by Br,Fr, USSR, US, N. Viet., National Liberation Front, S. Viet.
war did not come to an end within two years agreements were torn up and N, Viet, and NFL continued their desire to conquer south S. Viet.
achieving it in 1975 and unification in 1976
Soviet Setbacks in Afghanistan
Afghanistan was neutral until 1978 when pro-soviet fomented civil war
left party people democratic party of Afghanistan (PDPA) introduced radical reforms and education land and family law causing severe back lash
many religious and ethnic leaders rejected and PDPA resulted to brute forces
by summer of 1979 rebels controlled majority of countryside resulting in the Soviet Union intervening installing Marxists, Babrack Carmal, as president
9 years soviets fought unsuccessful war against Afghan Mujahideen or islamic warriors
U.S. provided weapons and money
CIA supplied decisive weapons in the war
1986 soviets replaced Carmal with Muhammad Najibullah, who was just as unpopular
seize fire negotiated by UN in 1988
soviets fully withdraw in 1989
1992 Civil war broke out anyway
1994 Taliban set out mission to unify Afghan lands
1996 captured capital Kabul, executed Najibullah, and proclaimed islamic state of Afghanistan
wars in Vietnam and afghanistan undermined prestige of superpowers and exposed hollowness of their claims to military superiority
Countercultural Protests
Gaulle Brezhnev and Nixon worked to modify international relations and citizens worldwide were agitated for the abolition of Cold War systems
1964 criticism of Cold War influenced Hollywood films
ex. "Doctor Strangelove or: How I learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb" by Stanley Kubrick
Rock 'n Roll
Global youth experienced empowerment during these years. Accounted for worldwide popularity born in postwar era
Elvis Presley: 1935-1977 Beatles and Stones: 1960s known as British Invasion
1960s-1970s underscored political radicalism of youth from nation's leaders
Watergate
Nixon became victim of societal discontentment because of Cold WarWatergate scandal 1972-1974 exposed by journalist and congressman added to tentions
bombing and invading Cambodia
Nixon ordered wiretaps on reporters and staff members with phones because of upsetting leaks to New York Times about unauthorized Cambodia bombs
those actions culminated into series of criminal acts by Nixon White House hitting its peak at the scandal break in and the democratic national headquarters (at Watergate building) during 1972 elections
thieves were caught
Nixon and staff attempted to cover up crimes committed on the presidents behave
media and congressional investigations lead to Nixon's resignation in August 1974
Challenges to the Superpower Hegemony p. 1077-1084
Western Europe, Fr. politicians sought to free nation from superpower dominance by transferring Europe into indep. strategic bloc.
Soviet tanks crushed Rebels efforts to leave Soviet sphere of influence
US and Soviets suffered serious political and military setbacks that signaled decline of superpower hegemony
DEFIANCE, DISSENT, and INTERVENTION IN EUROPE
France under de Gaulle
Wanted Europe to be 3rd force in world affairs
Believed France would never regain power status it once was
1963 French rejected partial nuclear test ban treaty: signed by GB, Soviet Union, US, recognized by China
Focus of Fr. policy was disengagement from US-dominated NATO and development of indep. nuclear strike force
1964 Fr. detonated first atomic bomb in Sahara
4 yrs later Fr. put together nuclear delivery system: failed to convince rest of Europe to leave US protection
1969 Gaulle leaves office
Tito's Yugoslavia
1st opposition from in communist world from Yugoslavia
Postwar regime came to power w/o USSR help
Josip Broz aka Marshal Tito (1892-1980) ruled Yugoslavia from 1945-1980 (his death)
1948 Stalin expelled Yugoslavia from Soviet bloc
Maintained good relations w/ E. European communist states as well as neutral states
De-Stalinization
1953 communist leaders start to question Stalin's methods used when in power
Nikita Khrushchev, Stalin's successor, denounced enthusiastically1956-1964 Gov. control eased and political enemies released
USSR spurred other communist leaders to experiment w/ domestic reforms and seek indep. from USSR dominance
Hungarian Challenge
1956 most serious challenge to USSR control in E. Europe from nationalist minded communists in Hungary
Hungary citizens demanded democracy while embracing De-Stalinization process
Fall 1956 Soviet tanks enter Budapest to crush uprising
Prague Spring
12 yrs after Hungarian tragedy USSR intervene in Czechoslovakia
1968 communist party leader Alexander Dubcek launched democratic socialist revolutionCzechs moving towards liberal communism concerned USSR b/c could lead to unraveling of USSR control
USSR army aided by other countries (E. Germ, Bulgarian, Polish) defeated Prague Spring
Brezhnev Doctrine- reserved right to invade any socialist country deemed threatened by external or internal elements
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC of CHINA
China's civil war resumed when Japan surrendered in 1945
Nationalist and communist fought for territories once held by Japanese
mid 1948 communist favored
nationalist under Jiang Jieshi fled to Taiwan
October 1, 1949 Mao Zedong chairman of Chinese communist party established peoples republic of China
1954- formation of new political institution anchored in a new constitution
1951 campaigns signaled out and persecuted (execution or labor camps) the people affiliated with nationalist
Social and Economic Transformations
1955 China introduced their own five year plan inspired by the Soviet Union
reforms challenged and often eliminated family traditions
supported women's rights'
Fraternal Cooperation
Moscow and Beijing drew closer because of their common enemy (U.S)
most concerning Japan, South Korea, Taiwan built as capitalist governments
1950's Beijing recognized Moscow's undisputed authority in world of communism for Russian military equipment and economic aid
Soviet Diplomat's then instigated for the UN to transfer China's security counsel seat from Taiwan to mainland communist gov
Cracks in the Alliance
by mid- 50's USSR was China's principle trading partner purchasing half of Chinese exports
China's opinion soviet aid programs far to modest with too many strings attached1955 USSR supplied for economic aid to Egypt and India which were none communist
1950 China and India disagreement over Tibet with anti-border clashes
Moscow announced neutrality but gave massive loan to India
Border clashes between Chinese and Soviets in Siberia also created tensions
1964 tensions between China and USSR became public
Nikita pursued policy of peaceful coexistence with west Europe and U.S. because feared nuclear attack
Chinese government accused Soviets of being Revisionists
Soviets accused China of being dangerous left wing adventurous
DETENTE and the DECLINE of SUPERPOWER INFLUENCE
USSR and US leaders began adjusting to reality of unimaginable world
1960s leaders of USSR and US agreed to policy of Detente- reduction in hostility
An Era of Cooperation
1972-1974 US and USSR signed agreements calling for cooperation in areas: health research, environmental protection, science and tech., space ventures, and expanded cultural exchange programs
Detente most visible in negotiations that posed threats by strategic nuclear weapons
Demise of Detente
1981 US would sell weapons to Chinese military which undermined USSR cooperation w/ US
Action doomed recent SALT (Strategic Arms Limitations Talks) agreement
Era of Detente reflected significant transformation of superpower relations
Coincided w/ marked decline in superpower influence as well
US Defeat in Vietnam
Early part of Cold War globalization US extended aid to non-communist Vietnamese in South after Fr. was defeated
Until 1968 500K+ US troops served in-country in defense of S. Vietnamese democracy
Massive bombing unleashed in N. Vietnam
War protests in US signal public distancing from Cold War policy
1968 Nixon pledged to end war
after election implemented strategy to turn war over to south Vietnamese by escalating conflict also resumed bombings of north Vietnam
during this time opened diplomatic channels opened to soviet union in China hoping to get them to pressure North Vietnam to negotiate
January 1973 war ended with paris peace accords
with Paris Peace accords signed by Br,Fr, USSR, US, N. Viet., National Liberation Front, S. Viet.
war did not come to an end within two years agreements were torn up and N, Viet, and NFL continued their desire to conquer south S. Viet.
achieving it in 1975 and unification in 1976
Soviet Setbacks in Afghanistan
Afghanistan was neutral until 1978 when pro-soviet fomented civil war
left party people democratic party of Afghanistan (PDPA) introduced radical reforms and education land and family law causing severe back lash
many religious and ethnic leaders rejected and PDPA resulted to brute forces
by summer of 1979 rebels controlled majority of countryside resulting in the Soviet Union intervening installing Marxists, Babrack Carmal, as president
9 years soviets fought unsuccessful war against Afghan Mujahideen or islamic warriors
U.S. provided weapons and money
CIA supplied decisive weapons in the war
1986 soviets replaced Carmal with Muhammad Najibullah, who was just as unpopular
seize fire negotiated by UN in 1988
soviets fully withdraw in 1989
1992 Civil war broke out anyway
1994 Taliban set out mission to unify Afghan lands
1996 captured capital Kabul, executed Najibullah, and proclaimed islamic state of Afghanistan
wars in Vietnam and afghanistan undermined prestige of superpowers and exposed hollowness of their claims to military superiority
Countercultural Protests
Gaulle Brezhnev and Nixon worked to modify international relations and citizens worldwide were agitated for the abolition of Cold War systems
1964 criticism of Cold War influenced Hollywood films
Rock 'n Roll
Global youth experienced empowerment during these years. Accounted for worldwide popularity born in postwar era
Elvis Presley: 1935-1977 Beatles and Stones: 1960s known as British Invasion
1960s-1970s underscored political radicalism of youth from nation's leaders
Watergate
Nixon became victim of societal discontentment because of Cold WarWatergate scandal 1972-1974 exposed by journalist and congressman added to tentions
Nixon ordered wiretaps on reporters and staff members with phones because of upsetting leaks to New York Times about unauthorized Cambodia bombs
those actions culminated into series of criminal acts by Nixon White House hitting its peak at the scandal break in and the democratic national headquarters (at Watergate building) during 1972 elections
thieves were caught
Nixon and staff attempted to cover up crimes committed on the presidents behave
media and congressional investigations lead to Nixon's resignation in August 1974